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On August 25, federal agents arrested dozens of airline
employees engaged in the smuggling of drugs, concluding
a two-year sting. The media coverage was massive. All
the networks ran stories; there were long segments on
CNN and PBS - and front page stories in almost every newspaper.
Although the prominent coverage was justified, the
drama was a journalistic disservice because it misrepresented
the real story and, worse, helped maintain public and
political myopia on effective anti-drug strategy. Journalism
- the fourth estate - must not only inform the public
but be a check on the claims and enthusiasm of government.
In one account, the traffickers were discovered because
heroin they had camouflaged in food service coffee packets
was used to make coffee served to an airplane pilot
while in flight. No doubt about it, that’s a story.
The government penetrated the smuggling ring and was
able to convince some of the couriers to smuggle weapons,
such as a hand grenade, on a passenger aircraft. Once
again, that’s a story.
Although the massive news coverage picked up on the
novel aspects of the event, it was largely reported
in the typical “biggest bust ever” style. For decades
now these drug bust stories have been reminiscent of
Vietnam-style “body count” journalism - an impressive
parade of captives and commentary regarding a battle
victory that makes the public feel that we are winning
the war.
The public is left with the impression that law-enforcement
is decisively effective in its contest with drug smugglers;
that a major drug trafficking enterprise has been eliminated;
that a method of smuggling has been thwarted. These
impressions are false.
This ring was discovered by accident. Most drug-enforcement
is accidental and rarely strategic. That’s why in 1998
only 41 of over 20,000 federal drug offenders were sent
to prison as so-called “kingpins.”
What’s the best measure of law-enforcement’s impact
on drug traffickers? Look at the market. Heroin and
cocaine prices on the streets are at record low and
the drugs have never been more pure than last year,
according to the White House Office of National Drug
Control Policy. This is a powerful indication that traffickers
continue to discount the risks they face from law-enforcement
and other sources.
Another important measure of success is availability
to children. But shockingly, heroin and crack cocaine
have never been easier for teen-agers to get, according
to last year’s “Monitoring the Future” survey by the
government. Thirty-five percent of the nation’s high
school seniors reported heroin was fairly easy or very
easy to get, the highest percentage since the survey
began in 1975. And 43.8 percent said the same about
crack cocaine, the highest percentage since the question
was first asked in 1987. About 90 percent reported the
same about marijuana’s almost universal availability.
At best, law-enforcement seizes only 10 percent to
30 percent of the illegal drugs smuggled into the United
States each year, leaving plenty of supply for the lucrative
market. There are thousands of smuggling incidents every
day at the hundreds of airports, seaports and border
stations in the United States. The truth is it is impossible
to adequately police border crossings for drug smuggling
without halting the economy.
About 20 semi-trailer loads of cocaine -- roughly
400 tons -- is enough to satisfy U.S. demand for one
year. Millions of semi-trailers enter the United States
each year. Of the approximately 900,000 commercial trucks
entering the United States in 1996 that were searched
according to stringent narcotics guidelines, only 56
(.006 percent) of the labor-intensive efforts resulted
in narcotics seizures. How many trucks or cars with
drugs made it into the United States? Only the smugglers
know. And that’s just land borders.
Unfortunately, reports of high-profile drug busts
comes at the expense of reporting on the more significant
but more complex issue of demand reduction -- e.g. drug
use prevention and treatment. Every credible study shows
us that drug treatment is vastly more effective than
supply reduction in fighting drug abuse problems. But
journalistically, it is easier and more exciting to
focus on the high drama of drug interdiction.
The recent drug bust story is incomplete until we
report that this raid will have no effect upon the price
or availability of drugs. It will have no effect on
the rate of drug use. And, most tragically, it leaves
the false impression that we are winning the “war on
drugs” -- and thus hinders focus on a better strategy
to deal with drug abuse and addiction.
Eric E. Sterling, President of the non-profit Criminal
Justice Policy Foundation in Silver Spring, MD, was
Counsel to the House Judiciary Committee, principally
responsible for anti-drug legislation, From 1979 to
1989.